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This 2022 review examines the complex challenge of accurately assessing probiotic viability and functional activity. The authors highlight that traditional CFU-based enumeration can underestimate viable cells and fail to capture important physiological states, reinforcing the need for modern analytical approaches such as flow cytometry and complementary methods to better characterize probiotic products and ensure their effectiveness.

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.818468/full